纽约时报中文网 - 中英对照版-中英马斯克与中国共生的利益与风险
March 28, 2024 15 min 3001 words
这篇报道揭示了特斯拉与中国的复杂关系，以及这种关系对全球汽车产业的影响。马斯克赌注中国并成功获利的故事，反映了中国市场的巨大吸引力和风险。特斯拉在中国的成功，不仅源于中国提供的廉价零部件和劳动力，更得益于中国政府的政策让步和支持。然而，随着中国本土电动汽车品牌的崛起，特斯拉在中国市场的优势正在逐渐减弱。这对于全球汽车产业来说，无疑是一个重要的警示：中国市场的潜力巨大，但同时也充满挑战。对于外国企业来说，如何在中国市场取得成功，需要更深入的了解和更精细的策略。
When Elon Musk unveiled the first Chinese-made Teslas in Shanghai in 2020, he went off script and started dancing. Peeling off his jacket, he flung it across the stage in a partial striptease.
当埃隆·马斯克2020年在上海发布首批中国制造的特斯拉电动车时，他脱离原定内容跳起舞来。舞台上，他挥舞着脱下的外套，做出了类似于脱衣舞的动作。
Mr. Musk had reason to celebrate. A few years earlier, with Tesla on the brink of failure, he had bet on China, which offered cheap parts and capable workers — and which needed Tesla as an anchor to jump-start its fledgling electric vehicle industry.
马斯克有庆祝的理由。几年前，特斯拉濒临破产，他把赌注押在了中国身上，那里有廉价的零部件和能干的工人，而且中国需要特斯拉来锚定其刚刚起步的电动汽车产业。
For Chinese leaders, the prize was a Tesla factory on domestic soil. Mr. Musk would build one in Shanghai that would become a flagship, accounting for over half of Tesla’s global deliveries and the bulk of its profits.
对中国领导人来说，特斯拉能在中国建厂就是奖赏。马斯克将在上海建造一座特斯拉工厂，它后来会成为特斯拉的旗舰厂，占特斯拉全球交付量的一半以上，并贡献了其大部分利润。
Mr. Musk initially seemed to have the upper hand in the relationship, securing concessions from China that were rarely offered to foreign businesspeople. But in a stark shift, Tesla is now increasingly in trouble and losing its edge over Chinese competitors in the very market he helped create. Tesla’s China pivot has also tethered Mr. Musk to Beijing in a way that is drawing scrutiny from U.S. policymakers.
马斯克最初似乎在这种关系中占据上风，他获得了中国很少向外国商人提供的让步。但现在出现了鲜明的转变，特斯拉遇到了越来越多的麻烦，在他帮助打造的市场上，该公司正逐渐失去对中国竞争对手的优势。特斯拉转向中国也让马斯克与北京方面紧密相连，而这正在引起美国政策制定者的关注。
Interviews with former Tesla employees, diplomats and policymakers reveal how Mr. Musk built an unusually symbiotic relationship with Beijing, profiting from the Chinese government’s largess even as he reaped subsidies in the United States.
对特斯拉前员工、外交官和政策制定者的采访揭示了马斯克是如何与北京建立起一种不同寻常的共生关系，他从中国政府的大方中获利，即便同时也在从美国获得补贴。
As Mr. Musk explored building the factory in Shanghai, Chinese leaders agreed to a crucial policy change on national emissions regulations, following lobbying by Tesla that was not previously reported. That change directly benefited Tesla, bringing in an estimated hundreds of millions of dollars in profits as China production took off, The New York Times found.
就在马斯克探索在上海建厂的计划时，在特斯拉的游说下，中国领导人同意对国家排放法规进行一项至关重要的政策调整，特斯拉的此番游说行动此前未见诸报道。《纽约时报》发现，这一政策变化使特斯拉直接受益，随着中国的工厂投入生产，估计带来了数亿美元的利润。
Mr. Musk also gained unusual access to senior leaders. He worked closely with a top Shanghai official who is now the premier, Li Qiang. The Shanghai factory went up at lightning speed and without a local partner, a first for a foreign auto company in China.
马斯克还获得了与高级领导人接触的非同寻常的机会。他与上海的一位高级官员，也就是现在的总理李强密切合作。上海工厂以惊人的速度拔地而起，而且没有中国本土的合作伙伴，这在中国的外国车企中尚属首次。
Mr. Musk, who has insinuated that American workers are lazy, got employees accustomed to long hours, without the strong protections that have led U.S. and European regulators to scrutinize Tesla and unions to target it for organizing. After a Tesla worker in Shanghai was crushed to death last year, a report citing safety gaps was taken offline.
马斯克曾暗示美国工人懒惰，他让员工习惯于长时间工作，却没有强有力的保护措施，这导致美国和欧洲的监管机构对特斯拉进行严格审查，工会也针对特斯拉进行组织。去年，上海一名特斯拉工人在生产安全事故中被压死后，一份指出安全漏洞的报告从网上被删除。
And he got the emissions policy. Modeled after a California program that has been a boon for Tesla, the policy awards automakers credits for making clean cars. To lobby for the regulatory change, Tesla teamed up with California environmentalists, who were trying to clean up China’s soupy skies.
马斯克还得到了调整后的排放法规。这项政策仿效了加州一项为特斯拉带来福音的计划，它为汽车制造商生产清洁汽车提供信用额度。为了游说中国政府改变法规，特斯拉与试图净化中国被污染天空的加州环保人士进行了合作。
China helped make Tesla the most valuable car company in the world. But Tesla’s success there also forced homegrown brands to innovate. China is now churning out cheap but well-made electric cars, as the Chinese leader Xi Jinping aims to transform the country into an “automotive power.” Chinese automakers like BYD and SAIC are pushing into Europe, threatening established carmakers like Volkswagen, Renault and Stellantis. Detroit is also scrambling to keep pace.
中国帮助特斯拉成为了全球最有价值的汽车公司。但特斯拉在中国的成功也迫使本土品牌进行创新。随着中国领导人习近平把将中国转变为“汽车强国”作为目标，中国正在生产价格低廉但制造精良的电动汽车。比亚迪和上汽等中国汽车制造商正大举进军欧洲，给大众、雷诺和斯特兰蒂斯等老牌汽车制造商带来威胁。底特律也在手忙脚乱地追赶。
“There’s Before Tesla and After Tesla,” said Michael Dunne, an auto consultant and a former General Motors executive in Asia, about the company’s effect on Chinese industry. “Tesla was the rainmaker.”
“可以分成前特斯拉、后特斯拉这两个时代，”关于特斯拉对中国工业的影响，汽车行业顾问、通用汽车公司前亚洲区高管迈克尔·邓恩这样说。“特斯拉是‘造雨者’。”
‘Kind of Pro-China’
“有点亲中”
Mr. Musk is now treading a fine line. He has sounded the alarm about Chinese rivals, even as he remains reliant on the Chinese market and supply chain and repeats Beijing’s geopolitical talking points.
马斯克现在的处境非常微妙。他敲响了关于中国竞争对手的警钟，尽管他仍然依赖中国市场和供应链，并重复着中国政府的地缘政治言论点。
He warned in January that unless the Chinese auto brands were blocked by trade barriers, they would “pretty much demolish most other car companies in the world.” Earlier this month, Tesla’s share price plunged following lagging China sales, causing him to lose the title of richest man in the world.
他在今年1月警告称，除非中国汽车品牌被贸易壁垒阻挡，否则它们将“几乎摧毁世界上大多数汽车公司”。本月早些时候，特斯拉在中国的销售滞后，股价暴跌，导致他失去了世界首富的头衔。
The company is so ensconced in China that Mr. Musk cannot easily extricate himself, should he ever want to. Teslas cost significantly less to make in Shanghai than elsewhere, a key saving when the company is in a price war with its competitors.
特斯拉在中国扎根得如此之深，以至于马斯克即使想离开也不容易。特斯拉在上海的生产成本比其他地方低得多，这是该公司在与竞争对手打价格战时节省成本的关键所在。
On Capitol Hill, lawmakers are studying his ties to China and how he balances Tesla with his other endeavors. SpaceX, another company he owns, has lucrative Pentagon contracts and boasts near total control of the world’s satellite internet through its Starlink network. He also owns the social media platform X, which China has used for disinformation campaigns.
“Elon Musk has deep financial exposure to China — including his plant in Shanghai,” said Sen. Mark Warner, a Democrat who chairs the Senate Intelligence Committee.
参议院情报委员会主席、民主党参议员马克·华纳说：“埃隆·马斯克与中国有很深的财务往来，包括他在上海的工厂。”
It’s not clear whether Beijing has sought to exert leverage over Mr. Musk, but leaders have levers they could pull. Last year, several Chinese localities banned Teslas from sensitive areas, prompting the automaker to emphasize that all Chinese data is held locally. And in February, after the Commerce Department announced an investigation into data retention by Chinese electric vehicles, the Global Times, a Communist Party newspaper, warned that Chinese consumers could retaliate against Tesla.
Mr. Musk has taken China’s side in several international disputes. He has made China’s case for why it should control Taiwan, the self-governed island democracy that has resisted Beijing’s claims. (Taiwan is now building an alternative to Starlink, in part because of concerns about Mr. Musk’s ties.)
马斯克在一些国际争端上站在中国一边。他在为什么中国应该控制台湾的问题上为中国辩护，这个自治的民主岛屿一直在抵制北京的主张。(台湾目前正在打造星链的替代品，部分原因就是担心马斯克与中国的关系）。
Mr. Musk has reportedly argued that there are two sides to repression in Xinjiang, home to the predominantly Muslim Uyghurs. In 2021, as other companies were pulling back from Xinjiang, Tesla unveiled a charging line ending there, which it called the Tesla Silk Road, after the historic route that has been revived by Mr. Xi in a campaign for global influence. The company has a similar charging line to Tibet.
据报道，马斯克认为，对于中国在以维吾尔族穆斯林为主的新疆地区的镇压行为，需要看到其合理之处。2021年，在其他公司纷纷撤出新疆之际，特斯拉推出了一条以新疆为终点的充电线路，并将其命名为“特斯拉丝绸之路”，这个名字取自习近平在争取全球影响力的运动中复兴的那条历史路线。该公司在西藏也有一条类似的充电线路。
Tesla, SpaceX and Mr. Musk did not reply to a detailed list of questions and findings. At The New York Times’s DealBook Summit on Nov. 29, Mr. Musk said that “every car company” relies in part on the Chinese market. He also dismissed concerns surrounding SpaceX and Starlink, saying they did not operate in China and that his companies should not be conflated.
特斯拉公司、SpaceX和马斯克都没有对一份详细的提问和调查结果清单作出回应。在去年11月29日《纽约时报》的交易录峰会上，马斯克表示，“每家汽车公司”都部分依赖中国市场。他还驳斥了围绕SpaceX和星链的担忧，称这两家公司不在中国运营，不应将他的所有公司混为一谈。
But in an online conversation with two members of Congress in July, he was more direct. He acknowledged having “some vested interests” in China, and described himself as “kind of pro-China.”
但在7月与两位国会议员的线上对话中，他的表述更为直接。他承认在中国有“一些既得利益”，并称自己“有点亲中”。
Tesla’s First Big Win in China
特斯拉在中国的第一个重大胜利
In California, Tesla has enjoyed strong regulatory support. Since 2008, when it unveiled its first car, the company has earned cash under the state’s emissions mandate by selling credits to automakers that could not meet pollution targets. Those credits were worth $3.71 billion by late 2023, according to Gov. Gavin Newsom’s office.
在加州，特斯拉得到了监管部门的大力支持。自2008年推出首款汽车以来，该公司通过向超出排污限额的汽车制造商出售信用额度，根据加州的排放规定赚取现金。根据加文·纽森州长办公室的数据，到2023年底，这些信用额度价值37.1亿美元。
Mr. Musk has downplayed Tesla’s reliance on government help, but Alberto Ayala, a former emissions regulator for California, said that the policy helped Tesla survive when it was struggling. “That is what kept the company afloat.”
马斯克淡化了特斯拉对政府支持的依赖，但加州前排放监管者阿尔贝托·阿亚拉表示，在特斯拉陷入困境时，政府的政策帮助特斯拉度过了难关。“它是这家公司得以生存的原因。”
Another former state regulator, Craig Segall, said that Tesla lobbied extensively on the emissions regulations, seeking to skew them in a way that enriched Tesla.
另一位前州政府监管者克雷格·西格尔表示，特斯拉就排放法规进行了大量游说工作，试图使法规向有利于自己的方向调整。
In China, the company aimed to recreate California’s lucrative policy.
在中国，特斯拉致力于重现使其获利的加州政策。
As California built ties with China, several groups were championing an emissions mandate as a cure for its pollution. Among the policy’s enthusiasts was then-Gov. Jerry Brown, who saw electric vehicles as a potential area of cooperation. Environmentalists were on board as well.
在加州与中国建立联系的同时，一些团体正在倡导将排放规定作为治污良方。时任州长杰里·布朗就是该政策的拥护者之一，他认为电动汽车是一个潜在的合作领域。环保人士也加入其中。
In 2014, as Mr. Musk talked about setting up a factory in China, Tesla joined the groups in pushing for a change.
2014年，当马斯克谈到在中国建厂时，特斯拉也加入了推动变革的行列。
Grace Tao, a Tesla lobbyist, met with people at the Innovation Center for Energy and Transportation, an environmental nonprofit based in Los Angeles and Beijing. The group, also known as iCET, had approached Tesla. They talked about working together on an emissions mandate in the country, according to notes taken by the nonprofit and shared with The Times.
特斯拉的说客陶琳会见了能源与交通创新中心的人员，这是一家在洛杉矶和北京执业的非营利性环保组织，又称iCET，它曾与特斯拉进行过接触。根据该组织与时报分享的笔记，他们谈到了在中国合作推动制定排放法规的事宜。
“They needed that to be successful in China,” Feng An, iCET’s executive director, said about Tesla. But Chinese officials were initially skeptical, he added, because the policy would effectively require traditional automakers to subsidize E.V. companies like Tesla.
“他们需要这样才能在中国取得成功，”iCET执行董事安锋在谈到特斯拉时说。但中国官员最初对此持怀疑态度，他还说，因为这项政策实际上是要求传统汽车制造商补贴特斯拉这样的电动汽车公司。
His group helped plan meetings with Ken Morgan, then a U.S.-based Tesla lobbyist, according to event materials and emails obtained by The Times. In 2015, Mr. Morgan met with officials in three Chinese cities, touting how California’s emissions mandate had helped spur E.V. production. (Ms. Tao and Mr. Morgan, who recently left Tesla, did not respond to questions.)
根据时报获得的相关材料和电子邮件，iCET帮助策划了与肯·摩根的会面，摩根当时是特斯拉在美国的说客。2015年，摩根与中国三个城市的官员会面，宣传加州的排放规定如何帮助刺激了电动汽车的生产。(陶琳和最近离开了特斯拉的摩根都没有回应记者的提问）。
Local officials were keen to persuade Tesla to build a factory in their cities. That interest could “potentially be leveraged” to promote a mandate, Maya Ben Dror, who worked for iCET at the time, wrote in an email to Mr. Morgan.
中国地方官员热切希望说服特斯拉在他们的城市建厂。当时在iCET工作的玛雅·本·德鲁尔在给摩根的一封电子邮件中写道，这种兴趣“可以被利用”来推动排放法规。
Dr. An said he took two groups of Chinese city officials to visit Tesla’s office in California, adding that neither Tesla nor Mr. Musk gave iCET any money. He and Ms. Ben Dror saw the emissions scheme as sound environmental policy.
安锋说，他带着两批中国城市官员参观了特斯拉在加州的办公室，并补充，特斯拉和马斯克都没有给iCET任何报酬。他和德鲁尔都认为排放法规是合理的环境政策。
The priorities of the environmentalists and Chinese officials often differed. In the West, clean transportation was seen as a “tree-hugging kind of issue, while in China it was from the start seen as an industrial issue,” said Ilaria Mazzocco, a senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies who studied the emissions policy discussions.
环保主义者和中国官员的优先事项往往并不相同。在西方，清洁交通被视为“环保型问题，而在中国，它从一开始就被视为一个工业问题”，战略与国际研究中心研究碳排放政策讨论的高级研究员麦怡瑞(Ilaria Mazzocco)表示。
But as an innovative green business, Tesla checked both boxes.
但作为一家创新的绿色企业，特斯拉同时满足了这两个条件。
In 2015, at a clean transportation conference in California, Chinese central government officials listened as a Tesla lobbyist laid out the reasons that Beijing should adopt an emissions mandate, said Yunshi Wang, an energy economist who organized the session.
2015年，在加州举行的一场清洁交通会议上，中国中央政府官员听取了特斯拉说客阐述北京应实施限制排放规定的理由，组织了该大会环节的能源经济学家王云石表示。
“Obviously Tesla was all in,” said Dr. Wang, director of the University of California-Davis’s China Center for Energy and Transportation.
“显然特斯拉当时全力以赴了，”加州大学戴维斯分校中国能源与交通中心主任王云石说。
The emissions mandate eventually appealed to the officials, too. The existing government subsidy system was rife with fraud. The mandate was more efficient and would save the government money.
限制排放规定的想法最终也打动了官员们。当时实施的政府补贴制度充斥着欺诈行为。这项规定更加有效，并且可以节省政府资金。
In 2017, China adopted the policy.
2017年，中国采取了这一政策。
It was Tesla’s first big win there.
这是特斯拉在中国的第一次重大胜利。
Tesla’s Factory Goes Up at Record Speed
破纪录拔地而起的特斯拉工厂
Mr. Musk did not want to share ownership of Tesla’s factory with a Chinese company, as was required at the time. So in 2018 officials revoked the rule for all foreign electric car companies. The change was Tesla’s second big win.
马斯克不想按照当时中国的要求与一家中国公司共享特斯拉工厂的所有权。因此，2018年官方取消了针对所有外国电动汽车公司的规定。这一变化是特斯拉的第二次重大胜利。
Mr. Musk proposed constructing the factory in two years, state media reported. Mr. Li countered that they could do it in one — a goal that his government met.
据官方媒体报道，马斯克提议在两年内建造这座工厂。李强回道他们可以在一年就完工——他的政府实现了这一目标。
“This was even faster than China speed,” said Tu Le, who heads the consultancy Sino Auto Insights, adding that Mr. Li’s help was key: “How quickly things happened points to his tacit approval of everything.”
“这甚至比中国速度还要快，”咨询公司Sino Auto Insights的负责人涂乐说，他还表示，李强的帮助是关键：“进展的速度之快，表明他默许了一切。”
Government officials used “very creative yet cautious approaches” to bend policy to Tesla’s wishes, Ms. Tao told Yicai Global, a Chinese media outlet, adding that she was “deeply impressed.”
陶琳告诉中国媒体一财全球，称政府官员使用了“非常有创造性的方式，非常审慎的角度”来让政策符合特斯拉的意愿，并补充说她“印象非常深刻”。
At least twice, Mr. Musk and his team were allowed to drive Teslas into Zhongnanhai, the Communist Party leadership’s walled compound in Beijing.
马斯克和他的团队至少两次获准驾驶特斯拉进入中南海——北京的一处有围墙的中共领导人大院。
Under Mr. Li’s watch, state-run banks offered Tesla over 11 billion yuan ($1.5 billion) in low-interest loans. The deal was so generous that Huang Yonghe, a senior official with a government-owned auto industry group, recalled one government minister balking at it.
在李强的领导下，国有银行向特斯拉提供了超过110亿元（15亿美元）的低息贷款。这笔交易是如此慷慨，以至于一家国有汽车工业团体的高级官员黄永和回忆说，一位政府部长当时对此不大情愿。
“He said the Shanghai leaders were unbelievable — giving away the entire investment without Tesla having to spend a penny,” Mr. Huang said in an interview.
“他说上海的领导们太夸张了——就那么给出了全部投资，而特斯拉没有花一分钱，”黄永和在接受采访时说。
But Mr. Huang said the deal made sense for the banks.
但黄永和表示，这笔交易对银行来说是合理的。
He had long been impressed by Tesla, at one point importing a car and disassembling it to study how it worked. Like Mr. Li, he had visited the Tesla factory in Fremont, Calif., which had struck him as chaotic but promising.
长期以来，他一直对特斯拉印象深刻，一度还曾进口一辆汽车并将其拆解以研究其工作原理。和李强一样，他也参观过位于加利福尼亚州弗里蒙特的特斯拉工厂，他觉得这家工厂虽然混乱，但前景不错。
China could improve on it, he thought, yielding an efficient foreign factory that would serve as a “catfish,” an aggressive creature that makes other fish swim faster.
他认为，中国可以对此进行改进，建立一个高效的外国工厂，充当“鲶鱼”的角色，鲶鱼是一种攻击性生物，可以让其他鱼游得更快。
Tesla also created a market for Chinese suppliers, saying recently that 95 percent of components used in the Shanghai factory are locally sourced.
特斯拉还为中国供应商创造了市场。该公司最近表示，其上海工厂使用的95%的零部件都是本地采购的。
One key supplier is a once-obscure battery company. In the United States, Tesla had a partnership with Panasonic, but in China it switched to mainly using batteries from CATL, which built a factory near Tesla’s. Today, buoyed in part by Tesla’s business, CATL is the world’s largest battery maker.
其中一个主要供应商是一家曾经默默无闻的电池公司。在美国，特斯拉与松下有合作关系，但在中国，特斯拉转而主要使用宁德时代的电池，后者在特斯拉附近建了一家工厂。如今，在特斯拉业务的推动下，宁德时代已成为全球最大的电池制造商。
Another supplier, LK Group, developed enormous casting machines that can make an entire section of a car with Tesla’s help. The company’s founder, Liu Siong Song, told The Times in 2021 that LK planned to supply the machines to six Chinese companies.
另一家供应商力劲集团在特斯拉的帮助下开发了巨型压铸机，可以一次性制造汽车的一部分。该公司创始人刘相尚于2021年向时报表示，力劲计划向六家中国公司供应这些机器。
That year, he said that he hoped the technology would “help our country’s automotive industry become bigger and stronger,” linking it to Mr. Xi’s “Chinese dream” of national resurgence.
那一年，他表示希望这项技术能够“把我们的汽车工业发展得更大更强”，并将其与习近平民族复兴的“中国梦”联系起来。
Long Hours at Tesla’s Shanghai Plant
在特斯拉上海工厂长时间加班
Before the Shanghai plant opened, Fremont was Mr. Musk’s principal factory. He sometimes slept on the factory floor to model the intensity he expected of his employees.
在上海工厂开业之前，弗里蒙特是马斯克的主要工厂。他有时睡在工厂地板上，希望他的员工也能效仿这样的工作强度。
In China, workers were accustomed to long workweeks, a fact that Mr. Musk saw as an advantage.
在中国，工人们习惯了每周较长的工作时间，马斯克将这一点视为优势。
The Shanghai plant’s schedule involves an unusual weekly change in shifts. According to two former employees, workers there pull four straight twelve-hour day shifts, followed by two days of rest, before switching to four twelve-hour night shifts. (Fremont employees typically work seven twelve-hour shifts over two weeks.)
上海工厂的日程安排包括每周不寻常的轮班变化。据两名前雇员称，那里的工人连续上四个12小时的白班，然后休息两天，然后转为四个12小时的夜班。（弗里蒙特员工通常两周时间里上七次12小时的班。）
As the coronavirus pandemic spread in 2020, the Fremont factory was shuttered for nearly two months.
随着2020年新冠病毒大流行的蔓延，弗里蒙特工厂关闭了近两个月。
But the Shanghai plant closed for only about two weeks, helping Tesla turn a profit for the first time and causing Mr. Musk’s wealth to surge.
China has also offered Mr. Musk an escape from California’s strict labor protections.
中国还为马斯克提供了逃避加州对劳工进行严格保护的途径。
During Shanghai’s 2022 lockdown, some Tesla workers slept on the factory floor. They were paid extra to continue working, but Tesla demanded six twelve-hour shifts in a row, the two workers said. (Employees who chose not to work were also paid, but less than their normal salary.)
2022年上海封城期间，一些特斯拉工人睡在工厂地板上。两名工人表示，他们拿到了继续工作的额外报酬，但特斯拉要求工人连续六次轮班，每次轮班12小时。（选择不工作的员工也获得了报酬，但低于正常工资。）
Chinese workers “won’t even leave the factory,” Mr. Musk said at the time, speaking generally, adding, “whereas in America people are trying to avoid going to work at all.”
马斯克当时笼统地说，中国工人“甚至不愿离开工厂”，并补充道，“而在美国，人们想方设法不去上班。”
In Fremont, accidents have set off regulatory investigations. But in Shanghai, when the Tesla worker was crushed to death by machinery last year, a report published by city authorities citing safety gaps was taken down shortly after it went online.
在弗里蒙特，事故引发了监管机构的调查。但在上海，当特斯拉工人去年被机械压死时，市政府发布的一份称其存在安全漏洞的报告在网上发布后不久就被撤下了。
The Shanghai government bureau that released the report did not respond to faxed questions.
发布该报告的上海市政府部门没有回复经由传真发送的问题。
‘May There Be Prosperity for All’
“愿所有人都能繁荣富足”
China’s vision of Tesla being a catfish for local electric vehicle brands has proved prescient. BYD, a top Chinese rival, overtook Tesla in worldwide sales late last year.
中国让特斯拉成为本土电动汽车品牌鲶鱼的愿景，被证明是有先见之明的。特斯拉在中国最大的竞争对手比亚迪去年年底在全球销量上超越了特斯拉。
But China’s electric vehicle push has prompted anxiety in Europe. “When we decided to shift from thermic engines to E.V.s, we were late vis-à-vis China — I would say between five and seven years late,” said Bruno Le Maire, France’s finance minister.
但中国对电动汽车的推动在欧洲引发了焦虑。“当我们决定从热力发动机转向电动汽车时，我们已经比中国晚了——差不多晚了五到七年，”法国财政部长布鲁诺·勒梅尔表示。
In September the European Union started an inquiry into whether Chinese policies give electric vehicle brands there an unfair edge. Although Tesla is not technically under investigation, it could face tariffs on cars exported from China.
9月，欧盟开始调查中国政策是否给予电动汽车品牌不公平的优势。尽管严格来讲讲特斯拉并未受到调查，但它可能面临对从中国出口的汽车征收的关税。
In the United States, the Biden administration pushed through the Inflation Reduction Act in an attempt to compete. The White House is now considering raising tariffs on Chinese electric vehicles, which are already at 25 percent.
在美国，拜登政府推动通过了《通货膨胀削减法案》，试图参与竞争。白宫目前正在考虑提高中国电动汽车的关税，目前关税已经达到25%。
California officials reject the idea that Tesla’s rise in China has been bad for the state. “It’s not really a zero-sum game,” said David Hochschild, chair of the California Energy Commission, who said he saw “robust growth” ahead in E.V.s for both sides.
加州官员否认特斯拉在中国的崛起对该州不利的观点。“这又不是什么零和博弈，”加州能源委员会主席戴维·霍克希尔德表示，他认为双方的电动汽车未来将“强劲增长”。
But Shanghai has replaced Fremont as Tesla’s global export hub, sending more than 175,000 cars to Europe from China last year, according to Schmidt Automotive Research.
但施密特汽车研究公司的数据显示，上海已取代弗里蒙特成为特斯拉的全球出口中心，去年从中国向欧洲出口了超过17.5万辆汽车。
And while the Chinese emissions program brought in hundreds of millions of dollars in credits for Tesla, according to the market analysis company CRU Group, the price of credits is dropping because Chinese companies are manufacturing more electric cars.
市场分析公司CRU集团表示，虽然中国的排放项目为特斯拉带来了数亿美元的碳排放积分，但由于中国企业正在制造更多电动汽车，碳排放积分的价格正在下降。
“We have reached the tipping point,” said Lei Xing, an independent auto analyst focused on China.
“我们已经到了临界点，”专注于中国的独立汽车分析师雷星（音）表示。
Despite rising competition, Mr. Musk remains strong in the country.
尽管竞争日益激烈，马斯克在中国的影响力依然很大。
In October 2022, Mr. Li, the former Shanghai leader, was promoted to the country’s No. 2 spot. Mr. Musk is also building a battery factory in Shanghai, which a state-owned research firm said last year would use CATL cells. When Mr. Musk traveled to China last May, the battery maker’s chairman welcomed him with a 16-course banquet. At his side for at least part of the trip was Ms. Tao, the lobbyist, who had risen to the post of vice president at Tesla. (CATL did not respond to questions.)
2022年10月，原上海市领导人李强晋升为全国第二号人物。马斯克还在上海建设一家电池工厂，一家国有研究公司去年称该工厂将使用宁德时代的电芯。去年5月，当马斯克访问中国时，这家电池制造商的董事长为他举办了一个16道菜的宴会。至少在这次旅行的部分时间里，在他身边的是说客陶琳，她已晋升为特斯拉副总裁。（宁德时代没有对采访问题作出回应。）
Even the plant Tesla is building in Nuevo León, Mexico, will use Chinese suppliers, several of whom the state governor has said will set up factories nearby.
就连特斯拉在墨西哥新莱昂州建造的工厂也将使用中国供应商，该州州长表示其中几家供应商将在附近设厂。
Late last year, Mr. Musk attended an exclusive reception for Mr. Xi in San Francisco.
去年年底，马斯克出席了在旧金山为习近平举行的一场不对外开放的招待会。
On Weibo, a Chinese social platform, Mr. Musk posted a photo of him shaking hands with the Chinese leader. “May there be prosperity for all,” he wrote.
在中国社交平台微博上，马斯克发布了一张他与中国领导人握手的照片。“愿所有人都能繁荣富足，”他写道。