纽约时报中文网 - 中英对照版-中英对俄贸易激增抢占汽车市场中国如何从俄乌战争中获利

On China’s snowy border with Russia, a dealership that sells trucks has seen its sales double in the past year thanks to Russian customers. China’s exports to its neighbor are so strong that Chinese construction workers built warehouses and 20-story office towers at the border this summer.

在冰雪覆盖的中俄边境，一家卡车经销商去年的销售额翻了一番，这要归功于俄罗斯客户。中国对这个邻国的出口如此强劲，以至于今年夏天，中国建筑工人在边境修建了仓库和20层的办公楼。

The border town Heihe is a microcosm of China’s ever closer economic relationship with Russia. China is profiting from Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, which has led Russia to switch from the West to China for purchases of everything from cars to computer chips.

边境小镇黑河是中俄经济关系日益密切的缩影。中国正从俄罗斯入侵乌克兰中获利，导致俄罗斯从西方转向中国，购买从汽车到电脑芯片的各种产品。

Russia, in turn, has sold oil and natural gas to China at deep discounts. Russian chocolates, sausages and other consumer goods have become plentiful in Chinese supermarkets. Trade between Russia and China surpassed $200 billion in the first 11 months of this year, a level the countries had not expected to reach until 2024.

俄罗斯则以极低的折扣向中国出售石油和天然气。在中国的超市里，俄罗斯的巧克力、香肠和其他消费品随处可见。今年前11个月，俄中之间的贸易额超过了2000亿美元，两国原本预计要到2024年才能达到这一水平。

Russia’s war in Ukraine has also gotten an image boost from China. State media disseminates a steady diet of Russian propaganda in China and around the world. Russia is so popular in China that social media influencers flock to Harbin, the capital of China’s northernmost province in the east, Heilongjiang, to pose in Russian garb in front of a former Russian cathedral there.

中国还为俄罗斯在乌克兰的战争造势。中国官方媒体在本国和世界各地不断传播俄罗斯的宣传。俄罗斯在中国非常受欢迎，社交媒体上的网红纷纷跑去中国最北端黑龙江省的省会哈尔滨，在那里的一座前俄罗斯大教堂前穿上俄罗斯服装自拍。

Xi Jinping, China’s top leader, and Russia’s president, Vladimir V. Putin, have made numerous public demonstrations of the nations’ close ties. Mr. Xi visited Harbin in early September and declared Heilongjiang to be China’s “gateway to the north.” China’s exports to Russia soared 69 percent in the first 11 months of this year compared with the same period in 2021, before the invasion of Ukraine.

中国最高领导人习近平和俄罗斯总统普京曾多次公开展示两国的密切关系。习近平于9月初访问了哈尔滨，并宣布黑龙江是中国的“向北开放新高地”。与入侵乌克兰之前的2021年同期相比，今年前11个月，中国对俄罗斯的出口飙升了69%。

“Maintaining and developing China-Russian relations well is a strategic choice made by both sides on the basis of the fundamental interests of the two peoples,” Mr. Xi said as he met in Beijing on Wednesday with the Russian prime minister, Mikhail Mishustin.

“维护好、发展好中俄关系，是双方基于两国人民根本利益作出的战略选择，”习近平周三在北京会见俄罗斯总理米舒斯京时说。

China has filled a critical import need for Russia, which many European and American companies shunned after Mr. Putin started his war in February 2022. China has pursued its role as a substitute supplier of goods despite risking its close economic ties with many European nations.

中国满足了俄罗斯的关键进口需求。普京于2022年2月发动战争后，许多欧美公司都避开了俄罗斯。中国致力于成为俄罗斯的商品替代供应者的角色，尽管这会产生风险，威胁到中国许多欧洲国家之间密切的经济关系。

Before the Ukraine invasion, leaders of Germany, France and other European countries mostly set aside differences with China over issues like human rights to emphasize commerce. Chinese officials, for their part, insist that they should not be forced to choose between Europe and Russia, and that China should be free to do business with both.

在俄国入侵乌克兰之前，德国、法国和其他欧洲国家的领导人大多搁置了与中国在人权等问题上的分歧，转而强调商业。中国官员则坚持认为，自己不应被迫在欧洲和俄罗斯之间做出选择，中国应该可以自由地与双方做生意。

The biggest winners for China from the surge in trade with Russia have been its vehicle manufacturers.

中俄贸易激增，最大赢家是中国的车企。

On a recent afternoon in Heihe, lines of diesel freight trucks with decals of snarling bears, a symbol of Russia, on their drivers’ doors waited to be driven across an Amur River bridge to Russia. The bridge is new, and so are the trucks, which wore Genlyon badges, a brand that belongs to the state-owned Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation. The company, known as SAIC, also makes car brands like MG, acquired from Britain.

最近的一个下午，在黑河，一排排柴油卡车的司机车门上印着象征俄罗斯的咆哮熊图案，等待着通过黑龙江上的大桥前往俄罗斯。这座桥是新的，卡车也是新的，上面都有杰狮的标志，杰狮属于国有的上海汽车工业集团公司。上汽还生产从英国收购的名爵等汽车品牌。

The sales helped China overtake Japan this year as the world’s largest car exporter. German manufacturers like Mercedes-Benz and BMW used to be strong sellers in Russia, but they have pulled out in response to sanctions on the country by Europe, the United States and their allies.

对俄的销售帮助中国今年超过日本成为全球最大的汽车出口国。奔驰和宝马等德国制造商曾经是俄罗斯的强势销售商，但由于欧洲、美国及其盟友对俄罗斯的制裁，它们纷纷退出。

Sales of luxury cars in Russia have plunged, contributing to a decline in the overall size of the country’s car market, which is now less than half the size of Germany’s. But lower-middle-class and poor Russian families, whose members make up the bulk of the soldiers fighting the war, have stepped up purchases of affordable Chinese cars, according to Alexander Gabuev, the director of the Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center.

豪华车在俄罗斯的销量暴跌，导致该国汽车市场的整体规模下降，目前不及德国车市的一半。但卡内基俄罗斯欧亚中心主任亚历山大·加布耶夫表示，俄罗斯中下层阶级和贫困家庭（其成员构成参战士兵的主体）已经更多开始购买价格合理的中国汽车。

One reason, Mr. Gabuev said, are the death and disability payments that the Russian government and insurers are making to families of Russian soldiers — as much as $90,000 in the case of a death.

加布耶夫说，其中一个原因是俄罗斯政府和保险公司向俄罗斯士兵家属支付的死亡和伤残赔偿——死亡赔偿金高达9万美元。

Russia has not released the number of its killed and wounded, but the United States estimates the total at 315,000.

俄罗斯没有公布伤亡人数，但美国估计总数为31.5万人。

Russians buy almost exclusively internal combustion cars. China has a surplus of them because its consumers have shifted swiftly to electric cars.

俄罗斯人几乎只买内燃汽车。中国这类汽车存在过剩的情况，因为它的消费者迅速转向电动车。

And the land border means China can transport cars to Russia by rail, an important factor because China lacks its own fleet of transoceanic carrier ships for vehicle exports.

陆地边界意味着中国可以通过铁路将汽车运往俄罗斯，这是一个重要因素，因为中国缺乏自己的汽车出口跨洋运输船队。

The result? Chinese carmakers have grabbed 55 percent of the Russian market, according to GlobalData Automotive. They had 8 percent in 2021.

结果如何？根据GlobalData Automotive的数据，中国汽车制造商已经占据了俄罗斯市场55%的份额。2021年，这个比例是8%。

“Never before have we seen automakers from a single country gobble up so much market share so quickly — the Chinese came into a windfall,” said Michael Dunne, an Asia automotive consultant in San Diego.

圣地亚哥的亚洲汽车顾问迈克尔·邓恩表示：“我们从未见过一个国家的汽车制造商如此迅速地抢占了如此多的市场份额——中国车企发了横财。”

The United States has strongly warned China against sending armaments to Russia, and has not yet uncovered evidence that it is doing so. But some civilian equipment that China is selling to Russia, like drones and trucks, also has military uses.

美国曾强烈警告中国不要向俄罗斯运送武器，目前还没有发现中国这样做的证据。但中国出售给俄罗斯的一些民用设备也具军事用途，比如无人机和卡车。

Beijing’s embrace of Russia has also provided a modest but timely boon to China’s construction industry. The economy has struggled to heal from the scars left by almost three years of stringent “zero Covid” measures.

北京对俄罗斯的接纳也给中国建筑业带来了适度但及时的好处。中国经济一直在努力从近三年严格的“清零”措施留下的伤痕中复原。

The real estate market is in crisis across China. Tens of millions of apartments are empty or unfinished, and new projects have stalled — depriving the construction sector of work that has long powered jobs.

中国的房地产市场正处于危机之中。数以千万计的公寓空置或未完工，新项目停滞不前，这剥夺了长期以来推动就业的建筑部门的工作机会。

“Many buildings have been built, but without anyone living inside,” said Zhang Yan, a wooden door vendor in Heihe.

黑河市的木门商贩张燕（音）说：“很多房子都盖好了，但里面没人住。”

But some laborers are finding work on the 2,600-mile Russian border, which until this year had a dearth of truck stops, customs processing centers, rail yards, pipelines and other infrastructure. Construction moved ahead briskly over the summer in cities like Heihe, although it has paused for the frigid winter.

但一些劳工正在长逾4200公里的中俄边境找到工作，直到今年之前，这里的卡车站、海关处理中心、铁路货场、管道和其他基础设施都寥寥无几。今年夏天，黑河等城市的建设进展迅速，不过现在因为寒冷的冬天而暂停。

Pipelines are needed for one of the most crucial commodities traded between the two countries: energy.

两国之间最重要的大宗商品之一——能源——需要管道。

Cheap Russian energy, bypassing sanctions imposed by the West, has helped Chinese factories compete in global markets even as their manufacturing rivals elsewhere, notably in Germany, have faced sharply higher energy costs for much of the past two years.

俄罗斯的廉价能源绕过了西方的制裁，帮助中国工厂在全球市场上竞争，而在过去两年的大部分时间里，中国工厂在其他地方的制造业竞争对手都面临着能源成本大幅上升的问题，尤其是德国。

Russia has been ramping up natural gas shipments through its Power of Siberia pipeline to China, and has been negotiating to build a second one that would carry gas from fields that served Europe before the Ukraine war. China and Russia also agreed less than three weeks before the Ukraine war to build a third, smaller pipeline that would carry gas from easternmost Russia to northeastern China, and construction on that project has raced ahead.

俄罗斯一直在通过“西伯利亚力量”管道向中国输送天然气，并一直在就修建第二条管道进行谈判，这条管道将从乌克兰战争前为欧洲提供天然气的气田向中国输送天然气。在乌克兰战争爆发前不到三周，中俄还同意修建第三条更小的管道，将天然气从俄罗斯最东部输送到中国东北部，该项目的建设正在加速进行。

The newest pipeline will cross land that Russia seized from China in the late 1850s and never returned. As recently as the 1960s, China and the Soviet Union were quarreling over the placement of their border and their troops skirmished. In a village near Heihe, a larger-than-life-size statue of an imperial Chinese general still glares across the Amur River.

这条最新的管道将通过俄罗斯在19世纪50年代末从中国手中夺走且从未归还的土地。就在上世纪60年代，中国和苏联还曾因边境线的位置问题发生过争执，两国军队也发生了小规模冲突。在黑河附近的一个村庄，一座超过真人大小的清朝将军雕像仍然怒视着黑龙江对岸。

Today Russia and China are building bridges and pipelines that cross it.

如今，俄中正在修建横跨这条河流的桥梁和管道。