纽约时报中文网 - 中英对照版-中英美国汉学家谷梅逝世研究中国异议政治

In November 1974, a small group of American college presidents spent three weeks traveling through China, visiting universities, communes, factories and even the office of Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping, who was still four years away from taking over as Communist Party leader.

1974年11月，一个由美国大学校长组成的小型代表团到中国进行了为期三周的访问，参观了大学、公社、工厂，甚至还去了时任副总理邓小平的办公室，当时距离邓小平接任党内最高领导人职务还有四年时间。

Though the United States had recently re-established relations with China, it was an insular, even forbidding place, utterly foreign to these Western visitors. Fortunately, the delegation had a famed Sinologist as a guide: Merle Goldman.

尽管美国两年前已经与中国恢复了联系，但中国当时仍是个与世隔绝、甚至堪称令人生畏的地方，对这些西方访客而言是完全陌生的。幸运的是，代表团有一位著名汉学家做向导，她就是谷梅(Merle Goldman)。

A historian at Boston University, Dr. Goldman was still relatively early in her career but was already widely considered one of the world’s leading analysts of Chinese politics. She was far from the only prominent China scholar of her generation, but she stood apart in her ability to communicate her insights to the nonacademic public.

作为波士顿大学的历史学家，谷梅才刚刚崭露头角，但她已被广泛认为是全球研究中国政治的顶级专家之一。她当然不是同侪中的唯一一位杰出中国学者，但她向学术界之外的公众传播见解的能力极为突出。

She wrote opinion articles and book reviews for The New York Times, The Boston Globe and The Washington Post, and her reports from her trips to China were required reading for government and business leaders.

她曾为《纽约时报》、《波士顿环球报》和《华盛顿邮报》撰写观点文章和书评，她的中国之行报告也是政商界领袖的必读书目。

Just weeks after returning from that trip to China, she wrote a probing analysis of the country’s defense strategy for The Times.

在1974年那次访华结束的几周后，她就为时报撰写了一篇关于中国国防战略的调查分析。

“Not only does there appear to be a genuine reservoir of good will toward the United States,” she concluded, “but China wants American support in its hostility to the Soviet Union.”

“中国不仅似乎对美国怀有真正的善意，”她总结道，“而且还希望在与苏联的对抗中得到美国的支持。”

Dr. Goldman died on Nov. 16 at her home in Cambridge, Mass. Her son Seth said the cause was Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare form of skin cancer. She was 92.

谷梅于11月16日在马萨诸塞州剑桥市的家中去世，享年92岁。她的儿子赛斯称她死于梅克尔细胞癌，这是一种罕见的皮肤癌。

Dr. Goldman’s specialty was the politics of dissent in modern China, a topic that gave her a unique perspective on the country’s seismic changes under Communism.

谷梅的研究领域是现代中国的异议政治，这使她对共产主义统治下中国发生的巨大变化具备了独特的视角。

Her first book, “Literary Dissent in Communist China” (1967), which grew out of her dissertation, was hailed as the first, and for a long time the best, study of intellectual life in modern China. The praise it received was repeated for her four subsequent books.

她在1967年出版的第一本书《共产主义中国的文学异见》(Literary Dissent in Communist China)被誉为研究现代中国知识分子活动的首部作品，也是在很长时间里最出色的一部作品。她后来的四本著作也好评如潮。

“It was like finding the Rosetta Stone to Chinese politics,” the journalist John Fraser wrote in reviewing her 1981 work, “China’s Intellectuals: Advise and Dissent,” for the Canadian newspaper The Globe and Mail, “and like hundreds of journalists, students and Sinologists, I feel the kind of debt to Goldman one always has for those who offer lucidity and genuine insight in place of chaos and confusion.”

“这就像发现了属于中国政治的‘罗塞塔石碑’一样，”记者约翰·弗雷泽在为加拿大《环球邮报》评论她1981年的作品《中国知识分子：建议与异议》(China’s Intellectuals: Advise and Dissent)时写道，“与无数记者、学生和汉学家一样，我对谷梅总是心存感激，正如我一直都很感激那些为混乱困惑之处带来清晰和深刻见解的人。”

Dr. Goldman, who also held an appointment at the Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies at Harvard, was among the first academics to push back against the largely positive image of China’s Communist government among progressives and other academics in the early 1970s.

谷梅还受聘于哈佛大学费正清中国研究中心。20世纪70年代初，进步人士和其他学者对中共政府的评价大体是正面的，而她是最先提出反对的学者之一。

She showed that even dissidents who were loyal to the Chinese state, and who sought merely to improve it through criticism, were often the subjects of harsh suppression campaigns. She explained how Mr. Deng, a reformer, cracked down on intellectuals in the 1980s, using them as scapegoats when his efforts to open the Chinese economy led to rapid inflation.

她证明了一件事：忠于国家的异见人士哪怕只是想通过批评让中国变得更好，也往往会成为严厉镇压运动的对象。她阐述了改革派邓小平如何在上世纪80年代镇压知识分子，并在他开放中国经济的努力导致快速通胀时，把这些知识分子变成了替罪羊。

As her career progressed, she became increasingly vocal in her views about political freedom in China, or the lack thereof. She sat on the board of Human Rights Watch and was a member of the U.S. delegation to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights. Chinese scientists, writers and dissidents traveling in the United States would make a point of visiting her office.

随着学术之路的发展，她愈发直言不讳地表达自己对中国政治自由——或缺乏政治自由——的看法。她是人权观察组织成员，也是联合国人权理事会美国代表团成员。在美国旅行的中国科学家、作家和异见人士都会专程到访她的办公室。

Wang Dan, one of the leaders of the Tiananmen Square protests in 1989, came to see her after being released from prison in 1998, having read a smuggled copy of her 1994 book, “Sowing the Seeds of Democracy in China: Political Reform in the Deng Xiaoping Decade.”

王丹作为1989年天安门抗议活动的领袖之一，读过她1994年的作品《在中国播撒民主的种子：邓小平十年的政治改革》(Sowing the Seeds of Democracy in China: Political Reform in the Deng Xiaoping Decade)，他在1998年出狱后拜访了她。

Congressional committees frequently called on her to testify on China-related subjects. When President Bill Clinton planned a trip to China in 1998, he turned to Dr. Goldman to help him prepare.

国会各委员会经常要求她就中国相关问题作证。当克林顿总统计划在1998年访华，他也请谷梅帮忙做准备。

Dr. Goldman was critical of the Chinese state but cautiously optimistic about the country’s potential to open up. Still, she warned in The Times in 1999, “There is no guarantee that China will follow its post-Confucian neighbors on the road to democracy.”

虽然对中国政府持批评态度，但谷梅对中国开放的潜力是谨慎乐观的。不过，她1999年在时报上撰文警告称，“谁也不能保证中国会效仿后儒家时代的邻国，走上民主之路。”

Merle Dorothy Rosenblatt was born on March 12, 1931, in New Haven, Conn. Her parents, Jacques and Rose (Breslaw) Rosenblatt, were Jewish immigrants — her father from Romania, her mother from what is now Belarus — who owned a store that sold upholstery fabric.

谷梅本名梅尔·多萝西·罗森布拉特(Merle Dorothy Rosenblatt)，于1931年3月12日在康涅狄格州纽黑文市出生。她的双亲雅克和露丝·罗森布拉特是犹太移民，父亲来自罗马尼亚，母亲来自今天的白俄罗斯。他们经营了一家出售室内装潢面料的商店。

She studied history at Sarah Lawrence College. While taking summer courses at the University of Wisconsin in 1950, she struck up a conversation with another campus visitor, Marshall Goldman; she was impressed that he was reading Thorsten Veblen’s “The Theory of the Leisure Class.”

她在莎拉·劳伦斯学院学习历史。1950年在威斯康辛大学参加暑期课程时，她与另一位访问学者马歇尔·戈德曼有了一番攀谈，后者正在拜读索尔斯坦·凡勃伦的《有闲阶级论》(The Theory of the Leisure Class)， 给她留下了深刻印象。

They married three years later, soon after she graduated from college. They both went on to doctoral studies, he at Harvard, in economics, and she first at Radcliffe College and then at Harvard. She received her doctorate in history in 1964.

三年后，她大学毕业没多久两人就结婚了。此后他们继续攻读博士学位，他在哈佛大学进修经济，而她考入拉德克利夫学院，后来又去了哈佛大学。她于1964年获得历史学博士学位。

They both secured teaching positions in the Boston area — he at Wellesley College, where he specialized in the Soviet economy, and she at Boston University, where she taught from 1972 to 2001. She worked at Harvard’s Fairbank Center until 2014.

他们都在波士顿地区担任教职——他在韦尔斯利学院专门研究苏联经济，而她从1972年到2001年期间任教于波士顿大学。她在哈佛大学费正清中心工作到2014年。

Marshall Goldman died in 2017. Along with their son Seth, Dr. Goldman is survived by another son, Ethan; two daughters, Avra and Karla; 12 grandchildren; and four great-grandchildren. Her brother, Adolph, died in 2017.

马歇尔·戈德曼于2017年去世。谷梅身后留下了赛斯和伊森两个儿子，阿芙拉和卡拉两个女儿，还有12名孙辈和四名曾孙。她的弟弟阿道夫于2017年去世。

The Goldmans established themselves as an academic power couple. They hosted monthly dinners at the Fairbank Center, bringing together experts on the Soviet Union and China from around New England. And their extensive knowledge of their respective subject countries — as well as their ability to trade on each other’s insights — made them frequent advisers to politicians and business leaders.

谷梅与丈夫是享誉学界的夫妻档。他们每月会在费正清中心举办晚宴，邀请新英格兰各地的苏联和中国问题专家共聚一堂。他们二人对于各自研究的国家都有极其深刻的了解，再加上利用彼此见解的能力，使得他们经常成为政商界领袖的顾问。

“We don’t argue about the children,” Dr. Goldman told The Boston Globe in 1988. “We argue about the significance of Confucius.”

“我们不为子女的事争论，”谷梅在1988年对《波士顿环球报》表示。“我们争论的是孔子的意义。”