纽约时报中文网 - 中英对照版-中英共和党议员敦促拜登政府更严格执行对中国技术限制

Republican lawmakers are faulting the Biden administration’s enforcement of restrictions on China’s access to American technology, saying that the administration is still allowing semiconductors and other American innovation to flow to Beijing that could ultimately aid China in a military conflict.

共和党议员指责拜登政府对中国获取美国技术所实施限制措施的执行情况，称其仍然允许半导体和其他美国创新成果流向北京，最终可能在军事冲突中对中国起到助益作用。

In a report released on Thursday, the House Foreign Affairs Committee said the administration had failed to enforce export controls that limit sales of advanced technology to China. The federal government has been steadily ramping up limits on sales to China of advanced chips and chip-making equipment over the past few years. The United States has also placed restrictions on Chinese companies or organizations accused of aiding the Chinese military or Russia’s war effort, or participating in human rights abuses in Xinjiang.

众议院外交事务委员会在周四发布的报告中表示，拜登政府未能妥善实施旨在限制对华出售先进技术的出口管制。过去几年，联邦政府一直在稳步加大对华销售先进芯片和芯片制造设备的限制力度。美国还对被指控协助中国军队、助力俄罗斯的战争行为或是参与在新疆侵犯人权活动的中国企业或机构实施限制。

But Republican lawmakers said the administration had not done enough to enforce the rules and criticized the office in charge of policing export controls. The report faulted the Commerce Department’s Bureau of Industry and Security for being too close to the technology industries it regulates. Many tech companies sell products and services to China and have pushed for more lenient rules in order to retain access to a large and growing market.

但共和党议员表示，拜登政府对这些规定的执行力度仍然不够，并对负责监管出口管制的办公室发出批评。该报告指责商务部下属的工业和安全局与其所监管的科技行业关系过于密切。许多科技企业都向中国出售产品和服务，并一直在推动出台更宽松的政策，以保留进入这个庞大且不断增长的市场的机会。

In particular, the report said the administration had granted too many special licenses allowing American companies to export restricted products to China, in some cases issuing those exemptions over the objections of defense and intelligence officials.

报告特别指出，拜登政府为美国企业对华出口限制产品颁发了太多特殊许可，在某些情况下不顾国防及情报部门的反对，发放了这些豁免。

In a statement, a spokesman for the Bureau of Industry and Security said that the Biden administration had been thoughtful and vigorous in expanding the restrictions, and had added more than 1,100 parties to a restricted trade list, including more than 300 firms and organizations in China.

工业和安全局的发言人在声明中表示，拜登政府对扩大出口限制的实施经过了深思熟虑的考量和积极有力的推进，已将1100多家相关方列入限制贸易名单，包括位于中国的300多家企业和机构。

The spokesman said that the department was constantly assessing and updating its export controls, and looked forward to reviewing the report and working with members of Congress to achieve national security objectives.

该发言人表示，商务部正对出口管制对象进行持续评估和更新，也期待审阅该报告，并为实现国家安全目标与国会议员通力合作。

Semiconductor companies have pushed back against the restrictions, saying that overly broad controls could push China to develop its own technologies and ultimately undercut American industry leadership.

半导体企业对这些限制提出了反对，称过于广泛的出口管制可能迫使中国研发自主技术，最终削弱美国的行业领军地位。

Gina Raimondo, the secretary of commerce, said at a defense forum on Saturday that the administration was “building a more muscular Commerce Department” to take on China, including issuing “historic controls” that for the first time denied an entire country specific technologies.

商务部长雷蒙多在周六的一场国防事务论坛上表示，为应对中国的挑战，拜登政府正在“塑造一个更加强硬的商务部”，包括颁布“前所未有的管控措施”，即彻底对某个国家封锁特定技术。

But she argued that her department was badly in need of funding to complete that mission. The Bureau of Industry and Security “has the same budget today as it did a decade ago. We have twice as many licensing requests. I get calls from members of Congress, Democrat and Republican, constantly: ‘Why aren’t you doing more?’” Ms. Raimondo said.

但她声称商务部急需资金来完成这一任务。工业和安全局“今天的预算与十年前相同。我们需要处理的许可请求数量却是十年前的两倍。我还不断接到两党国会议员的电话，问我们‘为什么不采取更多行动？’”雷蒙多说。

“I agree with you. I have a $200 million budget. It’s like the cost of a few fighter jets,” she added. “Fund this operation like it needs to be funded so we can do what we need to do to protect America.”

“我同意你们的观点。我手上的预算是2亿美元，只等于几架战斗机的成本，”她补充道。“应为这一项目提供必要资金，这样我们才能完成保卫美国所需的工作。”

But several Republican lawmakers said Tuesday that they would withhold funding increases until the department changed its practices and moved forward with additional sanctions on Chinese companies like telecom giant Huawei. They cited government data showing that the agency had approved the sale of $60 billion in U.S. technology to Huawei over a six-month period in 2020 and 2021.

但多名共和党议员周二表示，增加拨款的前提是商务部改变方针，对电信巨头华为等中国企业施加额外制裁。他们引用的政府数据显示，商务部在2020年和2021年的六个月内曾批准向华为出售价值600亿美元的美国技术。

“Any conversation about additional resources must be matched with actions that demonstrate B.I.S. is being reformed into a true national security agency that will do what needs to be done to counter China and other adversaries,” Representative Michael McCaul, chairman of House Foreign Affairs Committee, and two other Republican lawmakers said in a statement.

“任何有关增加资源投入的讨论都必须有相应行动的配合，以表明工业和安全局正在转型为一个真正的国家安全机构，将采取必要措施来对抗中国和其他对手，”众议院外交事务委员会主席迈克尔·麦考尔和另外两名共和党议员在声明中表示。

The congressional report recommended a series of overhauls, including giving Defense Department officials a greater say in the approval of special licenses to supply technology to China.

这份国会报告提出了一系列改革建议，包括在批准对华提供技术特别许可的问题上赋予国防部官员更大的话语权。

A House aide said the committee would begin working to craft legislation as early as next week, and to seek bipartisan support for the changes. The committee will hold a hearing next Tuesday with Biden administration officials who oversee export controls.

一名众议院助理表示，该委员会最早将于下周开始起草立法，并寻求两党对改革的支持。该委员会将在下周二举行听证会，拜登政府负责出口管制的官员将会出席。

The Biden administration recently restricted the export to China of an entire category of cutting-edge semiconductors used to create artificial intelligence, as well as the equipment to manufacture those chips. The administration also extended its rules extraterritorially, regulating products that use American technology but are manufactured outside the United States.

拜登政府最近限制对华出口一整类用于开发人工智能的尖端半导体，以及这些芯片的制造设备。他们还将规定扩展到美国之外，对使用美国技术但在美国境外制造的产品进行监管。

Officials with the Bureau of Industry and Security have said they work closely with other government officials to carefully review licenses for sales to China. In 2022, the bureau and its other agency partners reviewed more than 5,000 applications for exports to China, about a quarter of which were not approved, officials said.

工业和安全局官员表示，他们已与其他政府官员密切合作，仔细审查对华销售的许可证。官员表示，2022年，该局与其他机构合作方审查了5000多份对华出口申请，其中约四分之一未获批准。

But critics say Biden officials have not gone far enough to restrain some of China’s most advanced firms, like Huawei or server make Inspur.

但批评人士宣称，拜登政府官员在限制中国一些最先进企业——如华为和服务器制造商浪潮——方面还做得不够。

Over the past year, the Biden administration considered clamping down on the special licenses that have allowed American companies to continue supplying certain goods to Huawei, but paused the effort this spring as it worked to mend ties with the Chinese government, according to people familiar with the matter.

知情人士透露，在过去一年，拜登政府曾考虑停发特别许可，这些许可允许美国企业继续向华为供应某些产品，但因为要修复与中国政府的关系，这一努力在今年春天被搁置。

Some China critics also expressed outrage last month when the Biden administration rolled back a trade restriction on a Chinese institution accused of aiding human rights abuses in Xinjiang. The Chinese government had complained that the restrictions were an impediment to cooperation between the governments on restricting fentanyl.

上个月，拜登政府撤回了对一家被控在新疆协助侵犯人权行为的中国机构的贸易限制，引来一些对华批评人士的愤慨。中国政府则抱怨称，这些限制阻碍了两国在芬太尼管制问题上的合作。

In a briefing in November, a state department official said that the administration had decided that removing the restrictions was an appropriate step to secure an agreement on fentanyl that could save thousands of American lives.

在11月的吹风会上，一名国务院官员称政府认为取消限制是确保就芬太尼问题达成协议的合理步骤，该协议可能挽救成千上万美国人的生命。

The fight over the Bureau of Industry and Security, formerly a relatively obscure agency, has grown more intense as its responsibilities have escalated in recent years, to include keeping American technology from reaching adversaries in China, Russia, North Korea and Iran.

工业与安全局曾经是个相对鲜为人知的机构，但近年来围绕该机构的斗争愈发激烈，因其职权不断升级，包括防止美国技术落入中国、俄罗斯、朝鲜和伊朗手中。

Gregory Allen, a senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, said that, in comparison to the capacity of other governments, the bureau’s abilities were impressive. But the demands on the bureau had exploded after Russia invaded Ukraine and the Biden administration placed controls on China.

战略与国际研究中心高级研究员格雷戈里·艾伦表示，相较于其他政府部门，该机构的职能是相当可观的。但在俄罗斯入侵乌克兰而拜登政府又对中国实施出口管制后，该机构需要处理的诉求出现激增。

The bureau was understaffed, and its technology and databases were outdated, Mr. Allen said.

艾伦说，工业与安全局人力不足，所采用的技术和数据库也已经过时。

“From my perspective, that’s unacceptable,” he said. “The United States has put export controls at the heart of technology and national security policy. We need that capacity to be incredibly robust.”

“在我看来，这是不可接受的，”他说。“美国已将出口管制视为技术和国家安全政策的核心组成部分。我们需要赋予它这样的强大能力。”