纽约时报中文网 - 中英对照版-中英欧盟领导人就贸易和俄罗斯问题向中国施压

Leaders of the European Union pressed China on the country’s trade imbalance with Europe and its support for Russia during a visit to Beijing on Thursday that highlighted the growing tensions between the two sides.

在周四访问北京期间，欧盟领导人就中欧贸易不平衡以及对俄罗斯的支持问题向中国施压，凸显了双方日益紧张的关系。

The meeting, which took place in separate sessions between China’s leaders, President Xi Jinping and Premier Li Qiang, and Charles Michel, the president of the European Council, and Ursula von der Leyen, the president of the European Commission, was the first in-person summit of the leaders of China and the European Union in more than four years.

这是中国领导人和欧洲领导人四年多来的首次面对面峰会，国家主席习近平和国务院总理李强分别与欧洲理事会主席查尔斯·米歇尔，以及欧盟委员会主席乌尔苏拉·冯德莱恩举行了会晤。

In her opening remarks, Ms. von der Leyen told Mr. Xi that it was “essential to put an end to the Russian aggression against Ukraine.” She added that there were “clear imbalances and differences” that the two sides must address on trade.

冯德莱恩在开场白中对习近平说，“结束俄罗斯入侵乌克兰的战争至关重要”。她还表示，中欧双方必须解决贸易上的“明显不平衡和差异”。

The European leaders urged China to use its influence over Russia to end its war in Ukraine and withdraw its troops. They also pressed China to help prevent Russia from circumventing sanctions.

欧洲领导人敦促中国利用其对俄罗斯的影响力结束俄乌战争并让俄罗斯撤军。他们还向中国施压，要求其帮助阻止俄罗斯规避制裁。

“We have been clear since the beginning of the war that how China will position itself vis-à-vis the Russian aggression toward Ukraine, this will define also our relationship,” Ms. von der Leyen said in a news conference after the summit.

“自俄乌战争开始以来，我们一直明确表示，面对俄罗斯入侵乌克兰的问题，中国如何给自己定位，也将决定我们与中国的关系，”冯德莱恩在峰会后的记者会上说。

No issue has frustrated European officials more than Beijing’s refusal to curtail its support for Moscow. China has aided Russia’s war effort by purchasing Russian oil and supplying the Kremlin’s military with microchips, drones and other equipment that is believed to fall just short of arms and ammunition.

北京一直拒绝减少对莫斯科的支持，这是最让欧洲官员沮丧的问题。中国一直在帮助俄罗斯的战争努力，包括购买俄罗斯石油，为俄军提供微芯片、无人机，以及被外界认为就差是武器弹药的其他设备。

Despite the backlash, China is highly unlikely to abandon Russia, calculating that it needs Moscow in the long run, as a partner in countering the United States’ global dominance.

尽管遭到欧洲领导人的强烈反对，中国几乎不可能放弃俄罗斯，因为在其长远考量中，它需要俄罗斯这个合作伙伴来一起对抗美国在全球的主导地位。

As expected, the summit did not result in any significant breakthroughs. Trust between China and the European Union has been eroded by failed promises to open China’s market wider for European businesses, as well as by Beijing’s crackdown on freedoms in Hong Kong and the northwestern Chinese region of Xinjiang.

正如预期，此次峰会没有取得任何重大进展。中国和欧盟之间的信任已受到侵蚀，原因包括中国未兑现向欧洲企业开放市场的承诺，再就是中国政府在香港压制自由、在新疆地区镇压少数民族的问题。

China also views Europe as being widely influenced by Beijing’s chief competitor, the United States, and has tried to drive a wedge between the region and Washington. The war in Ukraine, however, has only strengthened the trans-Atlantic alliance as Europe has grown increasingly reliant on Washington for military aid.

中国也认为欧洲受到了自己主要竞争对手美国的广泛影响，并一直试图在欧美之间挑拨离间。但俄乌战争只会更加强跨大西洋结盟，因为欧洲在军事援助方面已越来越依赖华盛顿。

The 27-member European bloc has labeled Beijing a “strategic rival” and agreed in June to work toward “de-risking” its supply chains by limiting their dependence on Chinese firms. The European Union has also aligned itself with the United States in adopting restrictions on the trade of high-tech products with China.

由27个成员国组成的欧盟已将中国列为“战略竞争对手”，并在今年6月同意通过减少对中国企业的依赖，努力为供应链“去风险”。在限制向中国出口高技术产品方面，欧盟也与美国保持一致。

And on Thursday, Italian officials speaking on the condition of anonymity confirmed that Italy had told China in recent days that it would no longer participate in its Belt and Road initiative, which aims to expand Beijing’s influence abroad with infrastructure projects.

要求不具名的意大利官员周四证实，意大利已在最近几天告诉中国，将不再参与“一带一路”倡议，该倡议旨在通过基础设施项目建设扩大中国在海外的影响力。

Those moves underscore the widening rift between the West and China as Mr. Xi has adopted a more assertive foreign policy aimed at reshaping the global order to serve Chinese interests.

随着习近平为重塑全球秩序、使其为中国利益服务而采取更加自信的外交政策，西方的这些做法凸显了双方的分歧越来越大。

According to an official summary from China of Mr. Xi’s meeting with the European leaders, Mr. Xi urged them to bolster cooperation with China to enhance “political mutual trust” and “eliminate all kinds of interference,” a tacit reference to Washington.

据中国对习近平与欧洲领导人会晤发布的官方纪要，习近平敦促欧洲领导人加强与中国的合作，“增强政治互信”，“排除各种干扰”——这是暗指美国。

China has said that the two sides are not rivals, and that their common interests far outweigh their differences.

中国表示，中欧不是竞争对手，双方的共同利益远大于分歧。

But tensions are also rising over the cheaper Chinese electric vehicles, solar panels and wind turbines that have flooded the European market.

但随着廉价的中国电动车、太阳能电池板和风力涡轮机涌入欧洲市场，双方的贸易紧张关系也在加剧。

The region recorded a $426 billion trade deficit with China last year, its biggest ever. And as China’s economy struggles amid a spiraling housing crisis, the country may seek to ramp up exports as an engine of growth.

欧盟对中国的贸易逆差去年达到了4260亿美元，创下历史新高。随着中国经济在不断加剧的房地产危机中挣扎，中国可能会试图通过扩大出口为经济增长提供动力。

“China cannot offer anything to Europe because it is so constrained by its economy,” said Alicia García-Herrero, the chief economist for Asia-Pacific at Natixis, a French investment bank.

“中国受本国经济的严重制约，不能为欧洲提供任何东西，”投行法国外贸银行亚洲区首席经济学家艾丽西亚·加西亚·耶赫雷罗说，

In September, the European Union formally started an investigation into whether electric car makers in China have received government subsidies, a move that could result in tariffs. Electric vehicles are an especially sensitive issue because auto manufacturing plays an outsized role in Europe’s economy.

欧盟在今年9月正式启动一项调查，以确定中国的电动车制造商是否得到政府补贴，调查结果可能导致欧盟对中国电动车征收关税。电动车是一个特别敏感的问题，因为汽车制造业在欧洲经济中发挥着巨大的作用。

China has dismissed many of Europe’s complaints about the trade imbalance, saying a significant portion of the country’s exports to Europe are from European-owned companies based in China.

中国驳回了欧洲关于贸易不平衡的许多抱怨，称中国对欧洲出口的很大一部分来自欧洲在华企业。

The success of China’s industry is a result of early investment and innovation, not subsidies, said Tu Xinquan, dean of the China Institute for WTO Studies at the University of International Business and Economics.

对外经济贸易大学中国WTO研究院院长屠新泉表示，中国工业的成功是早期投资和创新的结果，不是补贴的结果。

“There is a sense of crisis in the E.U. because the auto industry is crucial for them,” he said.

“欧盟有一种危机感，因为汽车工业对他们来说至关重要，”他说。

European businesses also complain of shrinking market access in China because of laws requiring foreign firms to use Chinese suppliers, and have raised concerns about laws on national security.

因为中国的法律要求外国公司使用中国供应商，欧洲企业也对中国不断缩小市场准入怨声载道，并对中国有关国家安全的立法表示担忧。

One agreement to emerge from the summit, the two European presidents agreed, was a mechanism for China to provide more clarity on how European companies can follow stricter rules on transferring data out of the country.

这两名欧洲领导人都同意，此次峰会达成了一项协议，那就是建立一个机制，让中国提供更明确的说明，以便欧洲企业了解把数据传输到国外时如何遵守更严格的规则。

Those rules have already become so stringent that some American companies, taking a cautious stance until the rules are more clearly defined, have banned their employees in mainland China from taking their laptop computers with them on trips out of China.

中国有关数据传输的规定已经变得如此严格，以至于一些美国企业正在采取更谨慎的立场，在规定变得更加明确之前，禁止在中国大陆的员工携带笔记本电脑出境。